Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup

Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA.

Another model of human migration based on Mitochondrial DNA

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups have led some researchers to trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe.

Known haplogroups are assigned the following letter codes: A, B, C, CZ, D, E, F, G, H, pre-HV, HV, I, J, pre-JT, JT, K, L0, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, U, UK, V, W, X, Y, and Z.

The woman at the root of all these groups was the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve.

Evolutionary relationship

Precise evolutionary relationships between human mitochondrial haplogroups are subject to academic debate.

L0 Haplogroup L0 Haplogroup L0a Haplogroup L0a1 Haplogroup L0a2 Haplogroup L0d Haplogroup L0f Haplogroup L0k L1 and its descendants Haplogroup L1 Haplogroup L1a Haplogroup L1b Haplogroup L1c Haplogroup L1e Haplogroup L2 Haplogroup L2a Haplogroup L2b Haplogroup L2c Haplogroup L2c2 Haplogroup L2d Haplogroup L2f Haplogroup L3 Haplogroup L3a Haplogroup L3b Haplogroup L3d Haplogroup L3e Haplogroup L3e1 Haplogroup L3f Haplogroup L3h Haplogroup L3i Haplogroup L4 Haplogroup L5 Haplogroup L6 Haplogroup L7 Descendants of haplogroup L3 Haplogroup M* Haplogroup N* Descendants of haplogroup M* Haplogroup M1 Haplogroup M1a Haplogroup M2 Haplogroup M3 Haplogroup M4 Haplogroup M5 Haplogroup M6 Haplogroup M7 Haplogroup M8 Haplogroup M9 Haplogroup M10 Haplogroup M11 Haplogroup M12 Haplogroup M21 Haplogroup M27 Haplogroup M28 Haplogroup M29 Haplogroup M31 Haplogroup M32 Haplogroup M33 Haplogroup M34 Haplogroup M35 Haplogroup M39 Haplogroup M40 Haplogroup CZ Haplogroup C Haplogroup C4 Haplogroup Z Haplogroup D Haplogroup E Haplogroup G Haplogroup Q Descendants of haplogroup N* Haplogroup N1a Haplogroup N1b Haplogroup N1c Haplogroup N9a Haplogroup A Haplogroup I Haplogroup R Haplogroup R* Haplogroup R0 Haplogroup R0a Haplogroup R1 Haplogroup R5 Haplogroup R9b Haplogroup S Haplogroup W Haplogroup X Haplogroup Y

Descendants of haplogroup R Haplogroup B Haplogroup F Haplogroup pre-JT Haplogroup JT Haplogroup J Haplogroup J* Haplogroup J1 Haplogroup J1a Haplogroup J1b Haplogroup J1b1 Haplogroup J2 Haplogroup J2a Haplogroup J2b Haplogroup T Haplogroup T* Haplogroup T1 Haplogroup T2 Haplogroup T3 Haplogroup T4 Haplogroup T5 Haplogroup P Haplogroup UK Haplogroup U Haplogroup K Haplogroup K1 Haplogroup K2 Haplogroup U1 Haplogroup U1a Haplogroup U1b Haplogroup U2 Haplogroup U2e Haplogroup U3 Haplogroup U4 Haplogroup U5 Haplogroup U5a Haplogroup U5a* Haplogroup U5a1 Haplogroup U5a1* Haplogroup U5a1a Haplogroup U5b Haplogroup U5b* Haplogroup U5b1 Haplogroup U5b2 Haplogroup U6 Haplogroup U6a* Haplogroup U6a1 Haplogroup U6b Haplogroup U7 Haplogroup U8 Haplogroup pre-HV Haplogroup pre-HV1 Haplogroup pre-HV2 Haplogroup HV Haplogroup HV* Haplogroup HV1 Haplogroup H Haplogroup H* Haplogroup H1 Haplogroup H1* Haplogroup H1a Haplogroup H1a1 Haplogroup H1b Haplogroup H1f Haplogroup H2 Haplogroup H2* Haplogroup H2a Haplogroup H2a1 Haplogroup H2b Haplogroup H3 Haplogroup H4 Haplogroup H4a Haplogroup H5 Haplogroup H5a Haplogroup H5a1 Haplogroup H6 Haplogroup H6a Haplogroup H6a1 Haplogroup H6b Haplogroup H7 Haplogroup H8 Haplogroup H9 Haplogroup H10 Haplogroup H11 Haplogroup H11a Haplogroup H12 Haplogroup H13 Haplogroup H14 Haplogroup H15 Haplogroup H16 Haplogroup H21 Haplogroup V

Other forms

For a graphical depiction of haplogroup branching, see Vincent Macaulay's mtDNA haplogroup skeleton.

For information on the mutations which characterize each haplogroup, see the table of mtDNA haplogroup motifs.